The Doppler Effect And Its Applications

The Doppler Effect And Its Applications Perhaps you have noticed how the sound of a vehicles horn changes as the vehicle moves past you. The frequency of the sound you hear as the vehicle approaches you is higher than the frequency you hear as it moves away from us. This is one example of the Doppler Effect. To see what causes this apparent frequency change, imagine you are in a boat that is lying at anchor on a gentle sea where the waves have a period of T =30s. This means that every 3.0 s a crest hits your boat. These effects occur because the relative speed between your boat and the waves depends on the direction of travel and on the speed of your boat. When you are moving toward the right in Figure 17.9b, this relative speed is higher than that of the wave speed, which leads to the observation of an increased frequency. When you turn around and move to the left, the relative speed is lower, as is the observed frequency of the water waves. Content Doppler Effect (Sound) and its Application Introduction In physics, the Doppler Effect can be defined as, The increase or decrease in the frequency of sound and also to other waves such as the source and observer moving toward or away from each other. Thus the effect causes the change in pitch which is clearly noticed in a passing siren or train horn, as well as in the red shift/blue shift. The Doppler Effect is familiar to us with everyday experiences. It explains us the change in the pitch of a fast moving car horn or any other fast moving sound source as it passes us. If the car is approaching us, the pitch of the cars horn will be greater than if the car were stationary and as the car passes us and begins to move away from us the pitch will be lower than if the car were stationary. In fact, whenever the source and observer of a sound are in relative motion, the observed frequency will be different than that of the emitted one by the source. For example: The Observer feel higher frequency, when the train is coming to the observer. The Observer feel lower frequency, when the train is going far from the observer. History: The Doppler Effect was discovered by a scientist named Christian Doppler, who gifted his idea to us in year1842. He thought, if sound wave coming from the source might have a greater frequency and if the source is moving toward or the observer so there will be lower frequency if the source is moving away from the observer. Though some doubted the existence of this phenomenon, it was experimentally verified in 1845 by C. H. D. Buys Ballot (1817-1890) of Holland. Buys Ballot examined the alteration in pitch as he was passed by a locomotive carrying several trumpeters, all playing a constant note. The Doppler effect is considered most often in relation to sound (acoustic waves) and light (electromagnetic waves) but holds for any wave. When the source and observer of light waves move apart, the observed light will be shifted to lower frequencies, towards the red end of the spectrum, while if the source and observer move toward each other the light will be shifted to higher frequencies, t owards the blue end of the spectrum. The Doppler Effect is the phenomenon to observe at a particular time when the wave is emitted by a source moving w.r.t. the observer .The Doppler Effect can be stated as the effect produced by a moving source of wave when there is an apparent upward shift in the frequency to be observed by the observer and the source which is approaching toward it and the downward shift in the frequency to which it when the observer and the source is contacting. Change in the wavelength due to the motion of the source For the waves which propagate in the medium, such as sound waves, the speed of the observer and the source are in relation with the medium to which the waves are transmitted. The Doppler Effect may result from the change in position of the source, relative motion to the observer. Each of the effect is analyzed singly. For the waves which do not require any medium for propagation, eg. Light and gravity in general relativity, for it the difference in velocity of the observer and that of the source needs to be considered. HOW DOPPLER EFFECT DOES OCCURS: TYPES OF DOPPLER EFFECT: Symmetrical: It implies that Doppler shift is same when the source of light moves towards/away from a stationary observer or the observer moves with the same velocity towards/away from the stationary source. Asymmetrical: It implies that apparent change in the frequency is different when the source of sound moves towards/away from a stationary observer or as that occurs, when the observer moves with the same velocity towards/away from the stationary source. DOPPLER FORMULAE: Now the observer is in motion and also the source is stationary, then the measured frequency is: (1) When the up sign correspond to the arriving observer and the lower sign correspond to a receding observer. Now the source is in motion and the observer is stationary, then the measured frequency is: , (2) Where the up sign correspond to the source arriving and the lower sign correspons to the source receding from the observer. When both the source and observer are in motion, then the measured frequency is: 3) Note that the sign in the numerator and denominator are not depending on each other. By using the general facts for the sign at the numerator, the up sign is to be used if the observer is moving toward the source and the down sign if moving away from the source; in the denominator, the upper sign is used if the source is in motion w.r.t the source towards the observer and the lower sign if moving away. A simple trick to remember the signs is to remind one when or not the observed frequency is becoming to increase or decrease and to use whenever sign is required. For eg, when an observer is moving away from a source, the wave are going to move across it at the slow rate rather than if it was still, which signifies that the observers frequency is decreasing. And also it can be for when the source is in motion w.r.t an observer, it will go to smoosh the wave together as it emit it, which means to say that the increase in the observed frequency. This will be covered by making the denominator in eq (3) smaller, which do requires using it again. Source moving with V source < V sound: In picture shows sound source has radiated sound wave at the const. frequency in the same medium. However, the sound source is turning to the right with a speed Vs = 0.7 V(In mach). The wave fronts are to be produced with the same frequency. Since the source is moving and the center of the new wave front is now slightly shifted to the right. As a result, the wave fronts start bunching on the right side (in front of) and spread further on the left side of source. An observer in the front of the sourceis made to hear it at higher frequency f ÂÂ ´ > f0, and then the observer back to the source will hear a lower frequency f ÂÂ ´ < f0. Source moving with V source = V sound: Here the source is moving with the speed of sound in the medium (Vs = V, Mach 1). The wave fronts in front of the source are all bunched up to the same point. An observer in front of the source will feel nothing until the source arrives to him. The front will be quite intense, due to all the wave fronts add together.The figure at right shows a bullet travelling at Mach 1.01. You can see the shock wave front just ahead of the bullet. Source moving with V source > V sound: The sound source has been broken through the sound speed barrier, and is traveling at the greater speed then the speed of sound. Here the source is moving faster than that of the sound waves it creates are really leading the advancing wave fronts. It is this intense pressure front on the Mach cone that causes the shock wave known as a sonic boom as a supersonic aircraft passes overhead. The shock wave advances at the speed of sound v, since it has been built up from all of the combined wave fronts, the sound heard to the observer will be of the quite intense. Application of Doppler Effect: Sirens: The reason why the siren slides or blow, is because it doesnt hit you. It can be says as, if the siren is approaching to the observer directly, the pitch of the sound would remain constant (we have, vs, r is the radial component) till the source hit the observer, and then jump to the lower pitch. Because of the vehicle passes from the observer, the radial velocity never remains constant, but instead to vary as a function of the angle between observer line of sight and the sirens velocity: Vr = Vscos ÃŽÂ ¸ Where vs is the velocity of the source w.r.t. the medium, and the angle ÃŽÂ ¸ is the angle between the objects forward velocity and the line of sight from the object to the observer. Radar:-In the radars Doppler Effect is widely used in some of the radar, to measure the velocity of the object. A sound with required wavelength, intensity is fired to a moving target as it approaches from the radar source. Each subsequent radar wave has to travel farther to reach the object, before being redetected near the source. As each wave has to move farther, the gap between each wave increases, increasing the wavelength. Calculations from the Doppler Effect accurately determine the observers velocity. Weather Analysis or prediction: -Doppler radar uses the Doppler Effect for electromagnetic waves to predict the weather. In Astronomy:-The Doppler shift for light is used to help astronomers discover new planets and binary stars. Echocardiography: A medical test uses ultrasound and Doppler techniques to visualize the structure of the heart. Radio Direction Finding Systems

Evaluate the effectiveness of the various ways in which participation and democracy could be strengthened in the UK?

The decline in political participation in the UK over recent years, particularly the continuous decrease in forms of partisan aligned involvement in formal processes and initiations of democracy, such as general elections, has prompted a range of new proposals aimed at tackling political disengagement. The effectiveness of these various methods by which participation and democracy in the UK can be strengthened will be evaluated and examined in this essay. One method proposed in response to political disengagement is to increase the frequency of available polling stations, thereby increasing the proximity between the polling stations and people’s homes, as well as the variety of locations, including places such as shopping centres, which are frequently visited by the public on a daily basis. By doing this, it would provide more people with the opportunity to go and cast their votes, by making available a more practical and easy option, particularly for those on a tight and busy schedule. Furthermore, since people have long hours during the working week, or have long commutes that disincentivise going to a polling station, recommendations such as weekend voting could also increase the number of potential voters, by offering them more time to vote, and at a time when they would likely be less tired and more amenable to the idea of going to their local voting booth. Another option is to allow votes to be taken anywhere, if all polling stations have an online connection to a central register. The advantage of this, aside from increasing the practicality of voting, is that, with the vote being recorded on a computerised register, multiple votes from the same elector can be prevented. However, by increasing the availability of polling stations, the cost of administration also needs to be taken into account, especially if doing this will not have a profound effect, in which case it may not be worth the money and effort, which would be used elsewhere. Also, the difficulty in estimating the security of a system of voting with a central computerised register is another thing that must be considered. Furthermore, other suggestions to combat a lack of political participation include ways of making voting appear more appealing to the public. One way would be to designate Election Day to a special public holiday, thereby making the nature of the event seem more exciting, as well as garnering interest in politics and perhaps less apathy. However, those against such an idea, argue that a public holiday precisely for elections would cause a halt in the economy and day-to-day business, since many would not be working and instead by engaging in more leisurely activities. It therefore may not be worth holding a public holiday for elections given the inconveniences incurred, particularly since it may not necessarily guarantee a surge in the numbers voting. The other way by which voting could be made more attractive is by including a ‘none of the above’ option on ballot papers, since one more option and thereby another viewpoint is also considered in such a formal political process. Those who, whatever reason, do not politically align themselves with any particular party are also given a chance to express their opinions. Although, even though this may generate an increase in the number of people turning up at polling booths, one would not be wrong to query whether many would actually bother in making the journey and waiting in line just to express their disapproval of all that was on offer. Furthermore, the inclusion of such an option, despite possibly raising turnout figures, actually encourages political abstention, since their vote carries no relevance to the aim of the process, which is to use public votes to determine which constituent holds majority consent. Also recommended as a way of increasing participation in democratic processes in the UK, is the introduction of compulsory voting. Time aims to increase the election turnout with obligatory ballot casting, so to say that failure to appear at a polling station on Election Day would be made legally punishable, such as through a small fine, like the current Australian system. Proponents argue that an increased turnout with this method would make the majority party or coalition that forms the government appear more legitimate and therefore have a positive domino effect on society. It would also lead to an increase in political awareness and education because, once people are compelled, it is logical that they would make a greater effort to cast an informed vote. Moreover, an increase in politically aware citizens with a wealth of knowledge could imply an increase in levels of active participation in other form of political life. Furthermore, it ensures that public responsibility is not shirked, as well as creating an enhanced sense of community. In addition, compulsory voting can be said to reduce the role of money in campaigns, as well as counteracting negative campaigning by some political parties, since there is little to be gained from sly tactics aimed purely and persuading opposition voters to stay at home. Nonetheless, it is important to acknowledge that this method also has significant drawbacks, namely the limit on freedom, which is widely seen as a constitutional right. The right to vote can also contain the right not to vote and be apolitical and opponents of this method argue that, just because one does not vote for a particular political party, does not mean they are apathetic or lack political knowledge and insight, but are merely unconvinced with the political candidates or discouraged from voting due to a lack of trust in politicians, only heightened by the recent string of expenses scandals. Furthermore, some people believe that if a voter’s will if to stay at home, then the turnout must reflect this and such a system would hide rather than solve the problem, allowing the government to ignore important implementing measures to actually tackle the root causes of voter disengagement. Additionally, asides from an increased probability in ‘donkey voting’, whereby people would hastily cast an uninformed vote, with a bias in favour of the top candidate on the ballot, many have argued that such a system would not guarantee absolute co-operation and would only serve to cause complications, increased anger at the government and give rise to other problems. Another way which has been proposed as a means of reducing political disengagement is incentive voting, where people will be given an ‘incentive’ to vote. The three main ways of rewarding people for voting are: a flat rate payment, perhaps ?5 to ?10 for each voter; a national lottery with a very exclusive number of large prizes, generally cash; a constituency-based lottery, in which one particular voter from each constituency wines a substantial prize, probably in relation to the size of the electorate. Proponents of incentive voting argue that these methods of rewarding are good because, giving people money for getting involved as opposed to demanding participation provides a generally more pleasant and positive aura around the whole voting process. Furthermore, such a tactic would not stigmatise non-voters, instead working on the premise that if one chooses note to vote, it is their own personal loss. On the other hand, many believe that casting a ballot for pure personal gain, which is essentially what incentive voting can be seen to promote, is arguably worse than complete non-involvement. Also, incentive voting could lead to an increase in ill-considered votes, especially for those at the top of the ballot paper, as one is more likely turn up and hastily cast their vote, if they know that they will possibly gain cash prize. Furthermore, since no such concept of shoe leather cost, as there would be under a fines system, people have no reason to cast an informed and proper vote. Another argument against this system is that it is disproportionally attractive to the poor, who would value the incentive offer more than their richer counterparts. In addition, such a system would not work on all citizens who at present are generally politically disengaged, because many of the rich would not feel it necessary to turn up and neither would those who find the prospect of gambling unattractive. Therefore, many feel that the success of such a method is questionable in actually attracting a considerable number of voters, whatever their background, as well as the great levels of cost involved and difficulty of organisation. Additionally, some have pushed for postal voting to become more typical, alongside the option of visiting polling booths. By enabling people to cast a vote via the post makes voting easier and more practical, thereby increasing voter engagement and making it more widespread, particularly since it provides greater opportunities for elderly or disabled people, who cannot easily access a polling station, to vote. Also, the popularity of postal voting is apparent in statistics taken from a recent poll conducted after the all-postal pilots in the 2003 elections, with 67% agreeing that this is an improvement and only 5% who expressed discontent with the system. Furthermore, at the 2005 general election, 12. 1% of the UK electorate voted by post, three times greater than that in 2001. This growing trend in postal voting shows public support and consensus of the system, illustrating that it really could be a viable option in tackling political disengagement. While there are benefits to postal voting, the negatives to the system are also significant. Firstly, there is also a reliance on the postal service to make sure the votes do not get lost; if they were to be misplaced before they could be counted it could have a significant effect on the outcome of the election and render the process ineffective in the eyes of the public. Furthermore, postal voting does not act as a solution to all factors of non-voting; it will not make the electorate any more informed or likely to participate in voting, or reconnect the politically disengaged, only the idle and lazy who are unwilling to make the journey to the polling booths. Also, many have argued that it is difficult to be certain that the person casting the vote is actually the person the vote is registered to and impossible to guarantee that the vote was cast secretly and not under duress. Therefore, given the widespread evidence of fraud and inherent risks of security and secrecy that cannot realistically be overcome, at least not anytime soon, many are firmly against postal voting becoming more widely used. Furthermore, with the UK being at the forefront of technological advancement, E-voting is widely seen as the potential next step in the modernisation of political participation through voting. This system of voting incorporates modern technology through text, the internet, as well as via digital television. Even at polling stations, touch screen voting machines and electronic scanners could be used to speed up the process. This would greatly encourage participation amongst the young, which at present are the group least likely to vote, and technologically savvy, as well as appealing to the general public because of the diminished shoe-leather costs compared to going to a polling station. Those who are for E-voting argue that online voting would provide better links about the vote and information on how votes should be based, thereby giving the public more political knowledge, thus leading to informed decisions. The increase in political awareness from such a system can also be seen as a way of inspiring participation in other fields of politics. Furthermore, since all votes are logged in electronically, proponents argue that the counting process is more or less instant and thereby quicker and more efficient. Although, E-voting has a potential to increase the number of voters, there is also a very high potential for fraud. For example, resourceful hackers, and not the registered voters, could possibly determine the outcome, particularly since the act of conducting an election on the internet may be seen as a challenge to some hackers. Furthermore, it is debatable whether the high levels of security demanded have yet been reached and there is also no definite way of ensuring that the vote was cast in secret and without undue pressure. Those opposed to E-voting have also argued the lack of success in causing a considerable increase to turnout in E-voting pilots. Some people, including political parties such as the Liberal Democrats, argue that political disengagement, particularly amongst younger people, can be addressed by lowering the voting age from 18 to 16. Politicians, such as Nick Clegg, have argued that if at 16 you are legally able to leave home, begin a family, be in full time employment, join the army and therefore die for your country; and make important decisions about your future, then you should be given the right to vote. Aside from some believing this to be the correct and moral thing to do, giving 16-17 year olds the right to vote means you are providing them with full citizen rights and in having these rights they will feel more respected and exercise their right to vote. Denying them the vote would give them – and society as a whole – the impression that the government sees their views as invalid and that voting is not the way to express their opinions. However, some are opposed to this, not only because it is unconventional and questionable that the UK is ready for such a historic change to our political and democratic system, but also because not all youths are equally as passionate about politics and given the vote, would use it. Therefore some argue that this idea would not work to significantly increase general participation. Nevertheless, given that, with citizenship education, youth engagement campaigns, 24-hours news and high-speed interactive media, we in the UK have the most politically aware generation ever, many see lowering the voting age as a worthy enough step to take. Furthermore, proponents for lowering the voting age argue that the benefits would extend to other forms of political participation. This is because youths will have the opportunity to access a wealth of political knowledge and thereby may be motivated to be politically active in other ways, such as joining both official government and independent organisations. Additionally, some have argued for the government to make direct democracy more prominent, such as by holding referendums on key political issues more frequently than in the past. The agreed referendum on the voting system for general elections in the UK in April 2011 is an example of the actions that the government is taking to get more of the public politically involved. Proponents of greater opportunities for direct democracy argue that political engagement is encouraged through public knowledge that they have a direct say in the decision making process and could very well influence the outcome of important decisions. Thus, prompting more to care and increase their political awareness and involvement and be less apathetic. In conclusion the methods examined can all, to some extent, be described as strengthening participation in the UK. Methods involving an increased availability of voting locations, as well as other enabling other voting, such as E-voting and via post, are all practical solutions to general apathy and laziness when it comes to voting in elections in the UK. Such methods do not however address all sections of society, namely the indefinitely apolitical. Furthermore, scheme such as compulsory voting and incentive voting, although increasing election turnout figures on paper, cannot be seen as representing a genuine desire to be politically active and again, the additional voters drawn from such schemes are, for the most part, not very likely to engage in other forms of political participation. In addition, although the notion for making Election Day a public holiday may seem an appealing solution, it is debatable such a scheme could work. And the opportunity cost to the economy will be another factor for politicians to consider. Also apparent when examine the proposed schemes is the prospective monetary cost of implementing them, particularly the incentive voting and E-voting, which includes the high costs of technology. Another issue to be addressed is whether or not it is sensible to lower the voting age to 16, given that much of the younger tier of voters (18-25) who are able to vote, are the least likely group to do so. Furthermore, on the topic of referendums increasing involvement in democratic processes is dubious, since turnout in general, has not been particularly strong. Therefore, all the methods vary in their effectiveness of strengthening public participation in political and democratic procedures. Even though every approach does, to some degree, increase engagement, they all have costs, whether in relation to practicality or money, which need to be considered.

Reflective Practices and Health Care Essay - 1318 Words

In recent years, reflection and reflective practice have become well-known term with in the health care arena. They are words that have been debated and discussed with in the health care setting (Tony and Sue 2006). Reflective practice is essential for nurses, as nurses are responsible for providing care to the best of their ability to patients and their families (NMC, 2008). Reid (1993) states reflection is a process of reviewing an experience of practice in order to describe, analyse, evaluate and so inform learning about practice. Johns (1995) notes that reflection enables practitioners to assess, understand and learn through their experience. Reflective practice, therefore, offers nurses an opportunity to review their decisions and†¦show more content†¦Dementia patients have changes in all of physical activities and dietary intake, which effect maintains normal glucose level in the body. During the session he was seen anxious. Although anxiety may be a positive factor th at enhances the performances, too much anxiety can inhibit student teaching (McClure 2002). The student nurse was given the opportunity to demonstrate the competency, but the student nurse wanted to observe once more. Arrangements can also be made for the student to be observed by a second assessor, thus generating evidence of performance using the testimony of others (Stuart 2005). The next time he decided that to administer insulin. Clinical assessors required to make professional judgements in interpreting what the minimum acceptable levels of competence are in respect to professional standards. These judgements are frequently made with in the role relationship of that of a mentor cum assessor to a student (Stuart 2005). As it is a skill involved, I found it was difficult for him to memorise all the step and rationales. I explained about my experience when I was a student nurse and concept of learning through practice. 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Moment of Inertia Formula and Other Physics Formulas

Market Research The World Keeps Evolving Day By Day

Luan Bui 008971677 Spring 2016 SE172 Market Research As the world keeps evolving day by day, technology has become an essential thing in our daily lives. Many tech-companies have been established due to huge expectation from people who are always enthusiastic about new inventions. However, not so many companies could survive in very competitive markets like PC computing, software, hardware, etc. In the early 1990s, as PC computing began to proliferate in the industry, software development faced a crisis. Expected estimated the time for a startup business to have a shippable application in production was about three years. This was even worse when it came to others area in the industry. For example, in aerospace and defense, the average time for a typical complex project could easily be more than 20 years. As a result, many projects ended up being cancelled in the middle of the development phase. Some were complete but did not meet all the business’s current needs. 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The Role of Activist Agences in Shaping the course of Women’s History Free Essays

There is no doubt that activists and activist agencies have played a role in shaping the history of women, and a large amount of the historiography of women’s history has given excessive attention to the role of activists. Popular history tends to take a Rankeian view of events, focussing instead on the role of the individual, rather than the deeper underlying social, political and economic causes of history. The traditional Liberal view of the struggle to obtain the franchise is that the suffragettes, via their militant tactics and under the leadership of the Pankhursts ensured that women were granted the vote, and that this solved all the injustices between the sexes. We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Activist Agences in Shaping the course of Women’s History or any similar topic only for you Order Now This simplistic view of events however ignores the wider changes that were taking place in the economy and society, as well as placing a larger emphasis on certain activists, rather than looking at the broader picture. The militant activities of the suffragettes were never sufficient enough to frighten the government or the wider public into extending the franchise to women, their acts of violence towards property were often small scale and petty. It also ignores the role of the suffragists led by Millicent Fawcett, who were far more significant in obtaining the vote for women, for they were the ones who reasoned rather than fought with men and showed that women could deal with political matters. Activists continued to use similar tactics in the 1970s to demand changes in the law, such as free nursery places (as removed from local councils responsibilities under the 1980 Education Act) and better maternity benefits. The real changes came about however, not due to the prominent high profile activists, but to the grass roots campaign where women won seats on town and city councils. Historians can often look for the big story to write about, sometimes however the big story is made up of lots of little ones. Women’s position in the economy changed prior to the war as well. Industrialisation brought about the end of small scale family run workshops and there has been a transition to large workshops. The sexual division of labour in mills and factories was seen as a natural occurrence and women did not object to being paid less and exploited more than male workers. Trade unions did not favour equal roles in industry for women out of the fear that it would take men’s jobs from them. The benefits in industry that women gained during WWI were temporary, and as soon as men returned from the war women were forced back out of their jobs. One view of the effects of WWI is that giving the vote to women was a reward for their hard work during the war, in the munitions and armaments factories. At the same period as activists had allegedly gained a better position for women via the vote, laws such as the Restoration of Pre-war Practices Act (1919) which enacted the agreements between the government and trade unions that women’s war work was only temporary. Various activist agencies organised resistance to this, however they proved futile. The changing role of women economically in the latter part of the c20 was not due to activists but due to the wider structural changes the war effected on the country by World War 2. Following the Second World War the changing nature of commerce in the UK made it uneconomical to prevent women from working and by 1947 there were more women workers than in 1939 (Bruley). The deindustrialisation of the UK between 1979-1990 saw a large increase in the numbers of women in employment. Margaret Thatcher’s economic reforms created huge unemployment, although when employment levels started to recede, women were back into employment quicker than men. This was due to skilled secondary industry jobs being replaced with low skilled tertiary jobs which could get away with paying women less and reducing employees rights due to the reforms Thatcher introduced. In 1990 60% of low paid full time workers were women and Carole Buswell found that in the same year large proportions of women were earning less than the EU recommended minimum wage in tertiary industries, even in jobs such as banking and insurance 40% of the workers fitted this category. This is because even in well paid jobs, such as banking and insuarance, women were restricted from progressing high up the career ladder by having to take maternity leave to bring up children, if they were even considered for promotion in the first place as many of these companies were strongly male dominated. The Women’s self image has changed a great deal since the beginning of the c20, when women saw themselves primarily as mothers and wives, though in working class environments this attitude persisted for a lot longer than in wealthier and better educated social groups. Sue Sharpe found in her 1976 book â€Å"Just like a girl† that working class girls in Ealing in the 70’s still expected to marry a husband who would take care of them financially and that they would be responsible for childrearing. Women’s level of deference has decreased greatly from the beginning of the century when they were almost voiceless, to the present day where girls have become at least as vocal as men, if not more. Deep running social trends such as this cannot be changed over night by activists and this lack of change in the working classes could be interpreted as evidence that women’s liberation movements have largely been for and by the white middle classes Many women in the 1970s though who had started to redefine their own roles started to live in new ways, such as communally with other women. A large amount of feminist activists adopted Marxist ideology and blamed the oppression of women on the capitalist exploitation of women as a labour force as well as for the unpaid labour they do domestically. In the 1980s, with its ethos of the individual, women started to appear slowly in positions of power, however their high profile was due to their unusualness. However many women were shocked and against this attitude and the 80s saw many women reject the materialist society and take up campaigns against issues like nuclear disarmament such as the women at Greenham Common. Activists continued to play a role through the 70’s and 80s although as in previous times they were often the central figureheads of larger movements based on mass upheavals. As the UK became an increasingly egalitarian society into the 1960s due to the increasing levels of education and the secularisation of society, women started to realise that the restrictions on career options were chiefly the traditional roles of women and a lack of education. Large amounts of feminists were students and so they had the opportunities to study the past and see the oppression that women had faced and also how little women appeared in history. The Crowther Report (1959) released middle class grammar school girls from the â€Å"domestic† curriculum, opening the door to many more job opportunities. However women were still restricted in the workplace by having to be responsible for rearing children as well as attempting to have a career. Viola Klien argued in â€Å"Women’s two roles† (1956) that modern societies were unable to afford to not have women working, this capitalised on fears that the UK would fall economically behind the USSR where nearly all women worked. Although activists led the women’s liberation movement and campaigned against articles such as Miss World and unequal pay, mainly the reforms came from elsewhere. Equal pay was finally made a reality when the Fawcett Society (a group of feminists) took the government to the EU court to enforce the Equal Value Amendment. How much has changed for women in the last 100 years is debateable. Certainly there have been many legal improvements and women are no longer the second class citizens they were at the beginning of the century. However according to some feminists, women are still oppressed by society as whole, being expected to take care of children and do housework as well as to have a job. Opponents to this argue that women are the natural carers of children and that there are no real obstacles in the way for women to have both a job and family if the women works hard enough and balances her time. This group of opponents is not exclusively male. Both Thatcher and Queen Victoria were against women’s rights, Thatcher’s attitude being that â€Å"well I made it so why can’t they? † and latter believing in the traditional division of the sexes based upon religion and tradition. Men still continue to run the top jobs, with Angela Coyle finding in 1988 that at the very top of companies women made up only 5%. Until 1997 the maximum proportion of women MPs had been approximately 10%. This number was only increased in the 1997 election when Tony Blair supported positive discrimination by adopting an â€Å"Emily’s List† policy. This meant that in safe seats women be put forward as candidates, the result was 100 women MPs, however this policy was later declared illegal. As women are still expected to take care of children, maternity leave and career breaks for the bringing up of children harm their promotion prospects, resulting in a â€Å"glass ceiling† that often needs the sacrifice of family life in order to break through. Although women appeared to become visible in the media, this is often because the ones who did make it to the top were so unusual that they were worthy of media interest. Solutions to the problem are hard, some feminists argue that the only way the position of women will change is if men think differently too, however this is idealistic to say the least. Bruley reaches the conclusion that women are still disadvantaged because although women now have the franchise and careers, they still have to bear the brunt of childbearing, caring and networking. How to cite The Role of Activist Agences in Shaping the course of Women’s History, Papers

Identities and Culture Department for Environment

Question: Discuss about the Identities and Culture Department for Environment. Answer: Introduction Celeste Olalquiaga uses the essay Artificial Kingdom to pain a clear concept of nostalgic kitsch and melancholy kitsch. This concept will form the premise upon which the discussion is anchored to illustrate the kitschs view as nostalgic on one hand and melancholic on the other hand (Kjellman-Chapin 2010). The paper seeks to understand this concept by paying a close examination on what Olalquiaga's concept of nostalgic kitsch and melancholy kitsch reveal through based on the above mentioned book and other relevant sources (Sturken 2007). A thorough investigation of Olalquiagas perception of kitsch both in terms of nostalgia and melancholy forms the premise upon which paper is embedded. The subsequent section is, therefore, a discussion on Olalquiaga's concept of nostalgic kitsch and melancholy kitsch (Sturken 2007). Discussing Olalquiaga's Concept of Nostalgic Kitsch and Melancholy Kitsch In case souvenir remains being describe as remembrance commodification, then kitsch becomes the souvenirs commodification (Olalquiaga 2002). The souvenir automatically becomes numbed upon the freezing of the commemoration as an active material with the capability of evocating (Benjamin 1969). Kitsch, therefore, describes the dispersed wreckages of the aura and the dream image traces changed to loose from the respective matrix and then being multiplied by the nonstop industrialization beat which covers the emptiness left behind by the demise of the aura as well as the failure of modernity to deliver the radiant future promises it already made (Olalquiaga 2002). Rodney on the other hand describes a dream picture caught alive for the individuals continuous admiration sake (Sturken 2007). He would have, therefore, permitted to complete his lifespan in a manner of the other hermit crabs do individually with no splendor were Rodney not so minute as well as tender (Olalquiaga 2002). He is seen perishing a number of times, actually three-fold. Rodney is, therefore, a kitsch which is manifested when he captivates with the inauthenticity frailty of his tinny, flawed figure wedged in the flawlessly smooth, round, relentless surface of the glass globe. Rodney thus speaks for the people who desire to listen regarding the desperateness of trying to detain life (Kjellman-Chapin 2010). In terms of memory as well as loss, kitsch frequently play a considerably more complicated role beyond the mass-culture criticism of kitsch permits for (Olalquiaga 2002). As highlighted by Celeste Olalquiaga who pens down regarding melancholic kitsch as well as nostalgic kitsch, the two types of kitsch are separate kinds of memory kitsch which illustrates the needs that feed into the kitschs consumption (Kjellman-Chapin 2010). Kitsch describes the attempt to recover the experience of immediacy as well as intensity via an object (Sturken 2007). Because this repossession can solely be partial as well as transitory, as the fleetingness of memories well as testifies, kitsch is an essential aspect of the mystical nature of the aura, and its destruction (Olalquiaga 2002). The above argument is the reason kitsch could be viewed as the wreckage of the aura which is an uneven track of sparkly dirt whose looming evanescence creates it extremely tantalizing (Olalquiaga 2002). For Olalquiaga, nostalgic kitsch describes a kind of commemoration which smoothes over the concentration of the loss experience , choosing the suitable portions of the subsequently amalgamating them into the memory which may forget the initial strength of a shocking involvement of loss while the melancholic kitsch, being in the arrangement of souvenirs, withstands the existential loss sagacity (Kjellman-Chapin 2010). The kitsch of memory hence functions in a certain manner in connection to the loss. Memory kitsch is closely linked to tourism (Kjellman-Chapin 2010). This is because the art of tourism has had an association with the production of the object of kitsch; Eiffel Tower key chains, Tower of London dessert plates as well as the Mount Rushmore spoon rests (Kjellman-Chapin 2010). James Clifford, in his popular essay, On Collecting Art and Culture, he maps the art-culture split in connection to how authenticity is awarded to art as well as cultural objects (Kjellman-Chapin 2010). The art of tourist is classified, alongside commodities as well as curios, as the lowest form of the culture: not-art as well as inauthentic. In tourists art, therefore, the past remain trapped within the souvenir which is a status of inauthenticity makes precise which tourist art is easily dismissible (Kjellman-Chapin 2010). Olalquiaga sketches out the different between 2 conflicting kinds of kitsch. These are the nostalgic and the melancholic kitsch (Kjellman-Chapin 2010). The nostalgic kitsch is bad while the melancholic kitsch is decent. The nostalgic kitsch features by an imaginary of maintaining the historical alive in the fancy of people (Kjellman-Chapin 2010). On the other hand, the melancholic kitsch acknowledges the damage that has taken place and subsequently grieves it without any pretense that there could be slightly compensation, imaginary or else (Kjellman-Chapin 2010). It is seen how Olalquiaga grieves Rodney as he is, irreversibly dead, somewhat than permitting herself to be swayed by his picture into the dream of an ideal past (Kjellman-Chapin 2010). This is an excellent age whereby Rodney was still fortunately at the residence on the floor of the ocean (Sturken 2007). The familiarity of the melancholic kitsch is argued to be that of a penetrating as well as enduring damage which arises inside the domain of the unconscious memory (Kjellman-Chapin 2010). This is permanently distance from the people whereas the nostalgic kitsch anchors on individuals sagacity of an incessant time of a lost moment that can be reconstructed as well as reinstated as a make-believe of what might have happened (Kjellman-Chapin 2010). When Olalquiaga inscribes that Rodney is kitsch-melancholic kitsch-she attaches the captivation she feels to the point that he is current to her stare as if in a time pill that has unpredictably presented him from unidentified, bizarrely additional measurement of period, talking, for the people who wish to eavesdrop, regarding the desperateness of trying to delay life, the narcissism of dangling on what is already vanished, the attractiveness of scripts of time (Kjellman-Chapin 2010). However, there exists no sagacity of damage, of remorse, of a historical world to which Rodney truthfully fits as well as which people can recuperate: solely an copy, derived from the individuals given sagacity of time previous as well as postponed nowadays in the current, like a vision picture whose association to people has remained irrecoverably lost (Kjellman-Chapin 2010). The groundwork for the above concept of kitsch is given by Olalquiaga's understanding of Benjamin that, whereas he certainly not inscribed regarding kitsch since, separated between nostalgic kitsch and melancholic kitsch or reminiscence in his individual script on the Proust and Baudelaire (Kjellman-Chapin 2010). Benjamin was as well as captivated by bibelots as well as bric-a-brac, the commodified confusion of the colonnade which is the department stock as well as the Victorian internal that offered that productive surrounding for the development and, people could say, the concluding victory of kitsch (Sturken 2007). Benjamin offers Olalquiaga not solely with a typology which she may employ to kitsch, however, with a framework of fervent engrossment with the misplaced as well as grimy debris of culture that features the realm of kitsch (Sturken 2007). Olalquiaga discovers in Benjamin a friend, viewing him as such an intermittent being which is the contemporary fascinated to kitsch, whose literatures she is able to utilize in the construction of a defense against a Broch Hermann, Dorfles Gillo as well as Greenberg Clement that detested it as a true modernity opponent (Kjellman-Chapin 2010). The difference that Olalquiaga creates, inferring from Benjamin, concerning melancholic kitsch and nostalgic kitsch allows Olalquiaga to protect at the smallest the melancholic section of what somewhere else she already referred the dark side of the moon of modernism (Kjellman-Chapin 2010). Olalquiaga concurrently period is completely aware that such comprise shielding product culture individually, provided that it is neither the presence nor the absence of commodification that separates decent from evil in kitsch, however, the features of the commodified object (Kjellman-Chapin 2010). Olalquiaga cites Benjamin over and contends that merchandises are vision images or wish pictures denoting desires of utopian (Sturken 2007). Olalquiaga goes further by arguing that merchandises as talismans (reminiscences changed into souvenirs) may obtain a lifetime of their individual as Rodney has, becoming an appealing being whom my networks further say greetings to where they call in (Morand 1929). The challenge is that she inscribes as if the charm of Rodney alongside her connection to him could, individually, supersede the volume of thoroughly contended censure of the kitsch; as if Rodney may be relieved or excused on the foundation of an insufficient effective quotations from Benjamin (Sturken 2007). Olalquiaga is correct, I suppose, to view kitsch as the supplementary, concealed expression of modernism as well as to astonishment why the contemporary art need to be acclaimed whereas Rodney is destined, however, the argument in contradiction of kitsch are never inconsequential (Kjellman-Chapin 2010). As reflected in Tomas Kulkas manuscript Kistch and Art, published in 1996, there is a proposal of three defining conditions of kitsch. One of the condition is that kitsch is depiction of objects and themes which are increasingly charged with stock emotions (Kulka 1996). Condition two hold that object and themes manifested by kitsch remain promptly as well as naturally recognizable (Olalquiaga 1998). The third condition hold that kitsch does not substantially enrich the peoples association linking to the depicted themes or objects (Kjellman-Chapin 2010). Based on these conditions, Kulka makes a firm argument that kitsch has to unavoidably be viewed as spoon-feeding its people with typecasts (Kjellman-Chapin 2010). This confirms the viewers in attitudes as well as sentiments that are already engrained deeply (Detr 2009). This thus plays to the type of the foreseeable reaction stimulated by the images of puppies as well as kittens of a range of kinds, mothers with babies, kids in moans, long-legged women with sensuous lips as well as alluring eyes (Sturken 2007). It further describes beaches with palms as well as colorful sunsets, happy mendicants, miserable faithful ancient dogs, as well as pastoral Swiss village framed in a maintain panorama (Detr 2009). Olalquiaga might also makes an argument that recluse crabs tumble hooked on a fully separate classification, however, I am never unquestionable that such an argument may be convincing, nor do I recognize how confident that people can be that the expressive provokes of melancholy as well as nostalgia are as unique from respectively supplementary as Olalquiagas arguments claim (Baudelaire 1863) A question that arises is whether a recluse crab secluded in a glass sphere as a Nature Gem certainly altogether that vary from an Atlantis rebuilt on a Bahamian seashore or false shells of Hubert Robert, all of which Olalquiaga provides as instances of kitsch, just due the fact that one is physical, the others not real, one melancholic, the other nostalgic (Kjellman-Chapin 2010)? Both groups of object appears to me to trade on the deep-seated opinions as well as foreseeable rejoinders of the viewer (Detr 2009). Celeste provides a thoughtful examination of the origin of kitsch alongside what kitsch tells people regarding the skirmishes amid the artificial and real, modernity and tradition, melancholic and nostalgic right from Olalquiaga's domesticated glass-globed recluse crab Rodney to the Victorian epochs Crystal Palace (Benjamin 2008). She artfully traced this kind to the mid-1800s as well as creates kitsch as the responsiveness of damage which is a longing for substances to assist repossess the previous as well as explicates how such relics react or retort to a deep-rooted human need for connotation as well as association with nature (Kjellman-Chapin 2010). Conclusion The Artificial Kingdom has attractively elucidated such a cultural aspect as an effort to repossess what development has demolished (Kjellman-Chapin 2010). The essay has, therefore, presented a detailed discussion of Olalquiagas concept of nostalgic kitsch as well as melancholy kitsch (Sturken 2007). From the information presented in the discussion above, a reader can easily understands at a glance Olalquiaga's perception of nostalgic kitsch as well as melancholy kitsch without any form of complexity (Kjellman-Chapin 2010). Therefore, both nostalgic and melancholic viewpoints and concepts of kitsch have been well investigated and presented in this essay (Kjellman-Chapin 2010). References Baudelaire, C., 1863.The Debris of the Aura. Le Peintre de la vie modern. Benjamin, W., 1969. Illuminations. Edited by Hannah Aribendt. Translated by Harry Zohn. Benjamin, W., 2008. The work of art in the age of mechanical reproduction. Penguin UK. Detr, A., 2009. A Better Quality of Life. A strategy for sustainable development for the United Kindom. Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, London. Kjellman-Chapin, M., 2010. The politics of kitsch. Rethinking Marxism, 22(1), pp.27-41. Kulka, T., 1996. Kitsch and art. Penn State Press. Morand, P., 1929. The Souvenir."L'avarice," IN Les sept peches capitaux. Olalquiaga, C., 1998. The artificial kingdom: a treasury of the kitsch experience. Olalquiaga, C., 2002. The artificial kingdom on the kitsch experience. Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press. Sturken, M., 2007. Tourists of history: memory, kitsch, and consumerism from Oklahoma City to Ground Zero. Durham, Duke University Press.